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A. Trickbot Trickbot is created by Wizard Spider cybercriminal group.Trickbot has several names, such as UNC1878 or Team 9 [8].These groups of hackers deliberately target the US hospitals,health, and public sectors. Factors Associated with Information Breach in Healthcare Health information professionals and health executives are unable to limit the impact of data breaches on records their organizations handle. 2: 133. There have been 3912 confirmed data breach cases in the healthcare sector alone. Currently, the number of data breaches compromising confidential healthcare data is on the rise. Figure 10 presents the results of cost forecasting of exposed health records, as determined using the SES method. There are negative implications on the market value of a company after it experiences a data breach. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. Available online: Five Countries: Cost of Data Breach. The format of the data analysis method that was adopted in this study can be enumerated in the following steps: The data for the present research endeavor was obtained from the following sources: PRC Database: PRC is a US based, non-profit organization established by Beth Givens in 1992. 5 largest healthcare data breaches in 2023 so far Type of breach: Ransomware attack. However, unauthorized internal disclosure, theft/loss, and improper disposal decreased by 0.7%, 7.8%, and 22.22%, respectively, from 2018 to 2019. Our cost analysis showed that healthcare data breaches are far more expensive than the average cost of data breaches, especially in developed countries. [(accessed on 25 February 2020)]; 2017 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Overview. Generally, healthcare data breaches can be defined as illegitimate access or disclosure of the protected health information that compromises the privacy and security of it. Available online: Wikina, S.B. The data clearly shows that the healthcare industry has become the main victim of data breaches. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. 29.72% of breach instances were due to separately hacking/ IT incidents. The 10 largest data breaches ever reported in healthcare However, our short-term analysis showed that hacking/IT incidents are most commonly used by attackers. However, the average cost of a healthcare data breach (average breach size 25,575 records) in the USA is $15 million [10]. Available online: December 2019 Healthcare Data Breach Report. HIPAA and OCR reports also showed that hacking/IT incidents are the main cause behind healthcare data breaches. OCR Reports: The Office for Civil Rights Department of Health and Human Services of the USA also provides yearly/bi-yearly or tri-yearly data breach reports, named, Report to Congress on Breaches of Unsecured Protected Health Information. To this end, the authors analyzed different eminent and authentic data sources that included the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (PRC), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) journals, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) Department of Health and Human Services (HSS.Gov.) Since in these intrusions, no records were breached, the authors have not included those numbers in their reference on the representation of data breaches by sector. However, the present day healthcare industry has also become the main victim of external as well as internal attacks. [(accessed on 6 February 2020)]; 2018 Cost of Data Breach Study: Impact of Business Continuity Management. 1Department of Information Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; moc.liamg@niassuhlidaa (A.H.S. : Healthcare data breaches: insights and implications. We aimed to examine the causes of these breaches and use the results to improve healthcare data confidentiality. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Generally, healthcare data breaches can be defined as illegitimate access or disclosure of the protected health information that compromises the privacy and security of it. The average record cost was. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Cyber-attacks are carried out to disrupt computer server systems, and in our study, we have bracketed them under the umbrella of Hacking/IT incidents. But in last five years (2015 to 2019), a significant decline has been recorded in the numbers of HACK and PHYS attacks. Here we take the interval of two observations as a subgroup, and the moving averages are calculated. Improper disposal of unnecessary data: Unnecessary but sensitive and confidential data should be properly disposed of so that it cannot later be retrieved. . Time series data defines the set of values that a variable takes at different times. The rest of this study is divided into the following sections. Authors are grateful to the College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University for providing the funds to undertake this research study. These devices empower users to easily and conveniently access the online services provided by different organizations. Moreover, the average cost of healthcare data breaches is going high. As chronicled in our study, data breach trends have also undergone a massive transformation. USA, Ponemon Institute reports on data breach costs, and Verizon Data Breach Investigations Reports (Verizon-DBIR). In the second cluster of five years (20102014), 14.70 million records were exposed through hacking. The average record cost was $214 in 2010, but in 2011, it had decreased by 10%. For the year 2020, only a forecast value was available, which we predicted on the basis of previous historical data. Healthcare Device Security: Insights and Implications. Ransomware and malware are the main approaches that are used to expose protected health information [8,17]. Yet again, 22.03% of these cases were reported in 2019 alone. The compiled data also shows that the number of healthcare data breach cases was considerably less in the 2017, when only 5.1 or 5.7 million records were breached. It was established in 2002 in Michigan by Dr. L. Ponemon. [(accessed on 21 February 2020)]; Healthcare Data Breach Statistics. However, the authors intend to pursue the following specific domains in the future: Authors are grateful to the College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University for providing the funds to undertake this research study. In the healthcare industry at present, the average cost of data breach is. Figure 7 provide a graphical presentation of the forecast data breaches, while Figure 8 cites the forecast costs for breached healthcare records. Kamoun, F.; Nicho, M. Human and organizational factors of healthcare data breaches: The Swiss cheese model of data breach causation and prevention. A.H.S., A.K.S., M.Z. Accessibility Figure 2 and Figure 3 depict the proportion of records exposed with each type of attack, given in percentages, from 2005 to 2019 and 2015 to 2019, respectively. Available online: Chernyshev, M.; Zeadally, S.; Baig, Z. Healthcare data breaches: Implications for digital forensic Readiness. It has been providing comprehensive information about healthcare data breaches since September 2009. The different disclosure types mentioned above are briefly explained below: Hacking Incidents: Hacking incidents comprise all cyber-attacks that are used to gain unauthorized access to confidential data. An examination of use of information technology and health Data breaches. In 2012, it decreased by 42.64% from the previous year. A Review on Data Breaches in Healthcare Security Systems The highest number of data breaches from 2005 to 2019 was in the form of DISK type attacks. Undertake a study that investigates whether healthcare organizations are lacking usable-security measures because of the absence of accountability and improper training of employees and clients. The SMA and SES methods of time series analysis were used for healthcare data breach and cost forecasting. To this end, the authors analyzed different eminent and authentic data sources that included the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (PRC), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) journals, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) Department of Health and Human Services (HSS.Gov.) But in last five years (2015 to 2019), a significant decline has been recorded in the numbers of HACK and PHYS attacks. Out of a total of 1077 theft/loss incidents, only 257 were reported in the last four years, that is, 23.86% of the total. Desktop computers accounted for 9.40% of the total. Expert Answer 1st step All steps Final answer Step 1/1 Introduction: The "Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights and Implications" article discusses the growing occurrence of information breaches withinside the healthcare enterprise and the ensuing effects for each sufferers and healthcare groups. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly A Secured Healthcare System Using Blockchain and Graph Theory Out of the 850 hacking/IT incidents reported in ten years (20102019) period, 692 incidents were reported in the last four years alone (20162019); that accounts for 81.85% of the total, among which 32.23% were reported in 2019 alone. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Largest Healthcare Data Breaches in April 2022. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Healthcare. As chronicled in our study, data breach trends have also undergone a massive transformation. The data presented in this table were compiled from OCR and HIPAA reports. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Available online: January 2018 Healthcare Data Breach Report. Healthcare data are more sensitive than other types of data because any data tampering can lead to faulty treatment, with fatal and irreversible losses to patients. Reports state that 14.39% of PHYS attacks and 9.51% of PORT attacks were engineered from 2005 to 2019. As per the table, the following facts can be underscored: From 2010 to 2019, a total of 2860 breached incidents were carried out through the aforementioned disclosure types. Moreover, in the last five years (20152019) alone, hacking incidents exposed more than 92% of records. Paper/Films is followed by Email, which represented 17.52%, and Network servers, which accounted for16.69% of the total. Forecasting Graph of Healthcare Data Breaches from 20102020 using the SES method. Available online: Moving Averages and Exponential Smoothing. Classify hacking/IT incidents that led to healthcare data breaches. [41] Lynne Terry. Healthcare data breaches hit all-time high in 2021, impacting 45M people | Fierce Healthcare Fierce . This may be abuse of privileges, unauthenticated access/disclosure, etc. The data are presented in. Protected health information is stored either on paper or on electromechanical storage devices. In the second scenario, we presented the data in three clusters, i.e., from 2005 to 2009, 2010 to 2014, and 2015 to 2019. EHRs enhance patient care, develop patient cooperation, enhance disease diagnosis, improve practice efficiency, and make patient health information accessible all the time [, As reported by many practitioners, from 2005 to 2019, the total number of individuals affected by healthcare data breaches was 249.09 million. 22 healthcare data breaches were reported in April 2022 that affected 10,000 or more individuals. Department of Information Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India, College of Computer & Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia, System Manager, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India. This figure comprises 64.29% of the total, and out of this, 16.84% incidents were reported in 2019. In the second cluster of five years (20102014), 14.70 million records were exposed through hacking. But who is behind these attacks? The general formula for SES is: where Ft+1 is the forecast value at time t + 1, is the smoothing constant, yt is a known value at time t, and Ft is the forecast value of the variable Y at the time t [29]. Theft or loss: This comprises all incidents that lead to the disclosure of protected health information in the form theft or loss, such as the theft of hard disks, laptops, or any other portable device that contains protected healthcare data. For this purpose, the data breach cost reports generated by the Ponemon Institute sponsored by IBM were analyzed to determine the financial effects of data breaches on individuals, organizations, and countries. However, the authors intend to pursue the following specific domains in the future: Identify and address the main victims of cyber-attacks on the healthcare sector. Data breaches are not just a concern and complication for security experts; they also affect clients, stakeholders, organizations, and businesses. Organizational Data Breaches 20052010: Applying SCP to the Healthcare and Education Sectors. You seem to have javascript disabled. [(accessed on 12 February 2020)]; 2016 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis. Reports to Congress on Breach Notification Program. from publication: Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights and Implications | The Internet of Medical Things, Smart Devices, Information . In 2021, 45 million individuals were affected by healthcare attacks, up from 34 million in 2020. To check the accuracy and consistency of the data, we compared it only with the compiled data of HIPAA and OCR reports from 2009 to 2017 because of the unavailability of OCR data for 20182019. The authors of the present study only used the most pertinent ones. Out of which, 157.40 million individuals were affected from 2014 to 2019. The total number of breaches reported by HIPAA from 2010 to 2017 was 2163, and the total number of records exposed from these breaches was 180.65 million, while the total number of breaches reported by the OCR for the same period was 2244, and the total number of records exposed from these breaches was 180.6 million. This section details the locations from where the protected health information is breached through different approaches. [(accessed on 11 January 2020)]; How Much Would a Data Breach Cost Your Business? An interesting pattern that can be detected here is that: Thus, it is evident that the healthcare industry has been inundated by hackers in the last five years, compromising 90.49% of health records during this time period. This implies that the healthcare industry has faced the highest number of breaches among all industries [7]. Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) is a forecasting method used for univariate data. Out of a total of 1077 theft/loss incidents, only 257 were reported in the last four years, that is, 23.86% of the total. Out of a total of 570 Email location based data breach incidents, 457 were reported in the last four years (2016 to 2019), of which 35.03% were reported in the year 2019 only. The format of the data analysis method that was adopted in this study can be enumerated in the following steps: First, data are compiled from the sources mentioned above and presented in tabular form. 9 DATA MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN HEALTHCARE COMPANIES - Knowi Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Smith T.T. For Protected health information is stored either on paper or on electromechanical storage devices. Unauthorized access/ internal disclosure have also shown an increase in the last few years, but not as fast as hacking incidents. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (PRC), a nonprofit organization based in the USA, reported that there were 9016 data breach instances in different sectors from January 2005 to October 2019. Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights and Implications - ResearchGate According to the PRC database, more than 10 billion user records have been compromised since 2005. April 2023 Healthcare Data Breach Report. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help But why tell you when I can show you? healthcare data breaches, data confidentiality, data security, cost effectiveness, data analysis, time series analysis, data breach forecasting, cost forecasting. Factors Associated with Information Breach in Healthcare CARD (Fraud involving Debit and Credit Cards) is a type of attack mentioned in the OCR database specifications, but we could not confirm any such data breaches. The .gov means its official. Case Study on a Session Hijacking Attack: The 2021 CVS Health Data Breach For more information, please refer to Third, these patterns will help us to understand the sources and consequences of healthcare data breaches, the rise and downfall of data breaches, the behavior of different types of attacks, and other important things that are discussed in analysis section of this study. It is one of the most popular forecasting methods that uses the weighted moving average of past data as the basis for a forecast. Digital healthcare services have paved the way for easier and more accessible treatment, thus making our lives far more comfortable. Analysis of Table 2 shows that 249.09 million people were the victims of healthcare data breach episodes. Proportion of Records Exposed from 20152019 with Different Types of Attack. Paper/Films have also been major targets since 2010, although there has been a decrease in attacks on Paper/Films in the last four years. Start your free trial. Practical Implications During and Post-Data Breach. BACKGROUND. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The main objective is to do an in-depth analysis of healthcare data breaches and draw inferences from them, thereby using the findings to improve healthcare data confidentiality. See further details. The moving average can be calculated by making subgroups of observations. Out of these 2079 incidents, 1587 were recorded in the healthcare (MED) sector, which is 76.59% of the total. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Healthcare | Special Issue : Cyber Security and Data Privacy for In the third cluster of five years (20152019), 145.75 million records were exposed. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020133, Seh, Adil Hussain, Mohammad Zarour, Mamdouh Alenezi, Amal Krishna Sarkar, Alka Agrawal, Rajeev Kumar, and Raees Ahmad Khan. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Notably, hacking/IT incidents have shown an abrupt increase over the last few years. Forecasting Graph of Healthcare Data Breaches from 20102020 through SMA method. However, the present day healthcare industry has also become the main victim of external as well as internal attacks. The average cost of a data breach increased by 12% from 2014 to 2019, and the average cost of a breached record increased 3.4% in the same time period. 1. . 3.14% of instances occurred due to the improper disposal of unnecessary but sensitive data. It gets regarded among the most prone sectors to unauthorized access to consumer information. Furthermore, Figure 2 and Figure 3 show that the INSD (Intentional Insider Attacks) and UNKN (Unknown Approach)-type attacks have the least effect on the healthcare industry. Data breach cost calculation is a complex task. Benefits of EHRs. This has become a major lure for the misappropriation and pilferage of healthcare data. Examining apology and compensation as response strategies for health service providers Kristin Masuch , Maike Greve & Simon Trang Electronic Markets 31 , 829-848 ( 2021) Cite this article 2238 Accesses 2 Citations 2 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) is a forecasting method used for univariate data. As per the HIPAA reports, 255.18 million people were affected from 3051 healthcare data breach incidents from 2010 to 2019. Out of these, 157.40 million individuals were affected in the last five years alone [6]. In this context, we also followed the same procedure as discussed in Section 4.2. The Section 5 depicts the forecasting of healthcare data breaches. On the dark web and black market, patient records can sell for $1,000 apiece.These records are sold to buyers in many industries: data brokers like IQVIA (formerly known as IMS Health), pharmaceutical firms and even tech companies.Children's health data is just as valuable, and no one can doubt that . However, in the present healthcare sector, two major focuses must be addressed. Ponemon Institute Reports: The Ponemon Institute is an eminent research institute that mainly focuses on the protection of data, privacy, and security of information issues and policies. Hence, we have not included CARD in our analysis. To analyze healthcare data breaches, the authors investigated the MED domain of the PRC database thoroughly [6]. In Table 6, eight locations, i.e., Electronic Medical Records (EMR), Laptop, Desktop computers, Other Portable electronic devices, Paper documents, Network Server, Email, and Other, are the locations from where the protected health information (PHI) was breached. The total number of records exposed in these breaches was more than 10 billion (10,376,741,867) [6]. Undertake a study that investigates whether healthcare organizations are lacking usable-security measures because of the absence of accountability and improper training of employees and clients. Available online: How Much Would a Data Breach Cost Your Business? The authors declare no conflict of interest. provided the concept, prepared the draft versions, performed the evaluation and extracted the conclusions. HACK: Hacking or Malicious Attacks; INSD: Intentional Insider Attacks; PHYS: Physical Damage such as the theft or loss of paper documents; PORT: Damage of Portable Device such as lost or theft; STAT: Stationary Computer Loss; UNKN: Unknown Approaches. The analyzed factors that lead to healthcare data breaches will be addressed in our future research work to improve healthcare data confidentiality. A Feature This can also be because of catastrophic damage or the loss of these devices. The Section 3 provides information about the data sources. ; Khey, D.N. A long-term analysis of data breaches showed that healthcare records were exposed by both internal and external attacks, such as hacking, theft/loss, unauthentic internal disclosure, and the improper disposal of unnecessary but sensitive data. Yet again, 22.03% of these cases were reported in 2019 alone. Available online: Healthcare Data Breach Statistics. This cost was the highest in the USA compared to other countries. Reports of the latest data breaches are highlighted regularly in news headlines.1 As part of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, health care providers, health plans, and other entities covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) are required to notify affected individuals, the U.S. Department of . The total number of records exposed in these breaches was more than 10 billion (10,376,741,867) [, Some data breach incidents corresponding to each sector have been reported in the PRC database. The authors of this study have also compiled the data of healthcare breaches published by the HIPAA journal from 2010 to 2019. Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights and Implications This study provides insights into the various categories of data breaches faced by different organizations. The figure shows that the slope of the graph in each sector has witnessed a decrease in the second case (20152019), except in the MED sector, followed by the BSF sector. Reports state that 14.39% of PHYS attacks and 9.51% of PORT attacks were engineered from 2005 to 2019. The final results of the forecasting are presented in Table 9. Hence, healthcare data need enhanced security, and should be breach-proof. Yet another facet to note is the types of attacks employed for data breaches. A comprehensive analysis was carried out on HIPAA data breach reports. 2015 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis. The Section 4 frames the analysis of data breaches, providing insights into the data breaches which are pertinent to healthcare. [(accessed on 28 February 2020)]; 2019 Cost of a Data Breach Report. Data breach cost analysis shows that healthcare breached record costs have increased rapidly compared to the average cost of a breached record. More than 10 billion records were exposed from different sectors from 2005 to 2019. These references authenticate our data. On the other hand, theft/loss and improper disposal have shown a clear decrease in the last four years. An overall analysis indicates that the data breach trend started to show an abrupt increase from the year 2014. Additionally, smartphones and other web-based smart devices have changed the way we communicate. In the second case, from 2015 to 2019, there were a total of 2027 data breach incidents faced among the specified sectors. Introduction Advances in information and communication technology have helped the healthcare industry to replace paper-based systems with electronic health record (EHRs) systems to provide better and more cost-effective services to its customers. Third, these patterns will help us to understand the sources and consequences of healthcare data breaches, the rise and downfall of data breaches, the behavior of different types of attacks, and other important things that are discussed in analysis section of this study. Unauthorized Access (internal): These includes all types of attacks that lead to the exposure of confidential health data with the help of any internal source of an organization. A comparative study of the HIPAA and OCR data breach reports shows a small variation in number of breaches recorded each year and the number of exposed records from these breaches. These include any hacking/IT incident such as a malware attack, ransomware attack, phishing, spyware, or fraud in the form of stolen cards, etc. Introduction Today's increasingly automated and digital health context can make patient records far more easily accessible than in the past [ 1, 2 ]. Data Breaches. Measuring Healthcare Data Breaches | SpringerLink When it came to the number of total victims . IASC | Healthcare Device Security: Insights and Implications : Healthcare data breaches: insights and implications. The worst breach was a hacking incident reported by Adaptive Health Integrations, a provider of software and billing/revenue services to laboratories, physician offices, and other healthcare companies. A thorough analysis of the entire 15-year timeframe shows that the healthcare (MED) sector in both the time frames from (2005 to 2019) and (2015 to 2019) has faced the highest number of data breaches. [(accessed on 12 January 2020)]; 2019 Cost of A Data Breach Study Reveals Increase in U.S. Healthcare Data Breach Costs. This study provides insights into the various categories of data breaches faced by different organizations. However, our short-term analysis showed that hacking/IT incidents are most commonly used by attackers. From 2005 to 2009, 13.49 million Health Records were exposed, i.e., 5.41% of the total number of cases. EMR is followed by the Other Portable Electronic Devices (PED) which made up 6.64% of the total. Out of a total of 570 Email location based data breach incidents, 457 were reported in the last four years (2016 to 2019), of which 35.03% were reported in the year 2019 only. This section discusses the financial effects of data breaches, and mainly focuses on healthcare data breaches. The procedure that we discussed in, Hacking Incidents: Hacking incidents comprise all cyber-attacks that are used to gain unauthorized access to confidential data. Figure 4 provides a graphical presentation of different disclosure types. Due to software vulnerabilities, security failures, and human error, these databases are sometimes accessed by unauthorized users. The price of a complete record file of a single patient can be hundreds of dollars on the dark web [4]. Email and Network servers have become attack-prone locations for hackers. Moreover, the cost of a breached record in the healthcare sector registered an increase of 19.4%, the highest in this time period [10,11,12,13]. Generally, a data breach is an illegal disclosure or use of information without authorization. EDU: Educational Organizations; BSF: Businesses-Financial; BSO: Businesses-Other; BSR: Business-Retail Includes Online Retail; MED: Healthcare Service Providers; GOV: Government and Defense Institutes; NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations.

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